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List of political parties in India

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India has a multi-party system. The Election Commission of India (ECI) grants recognition to national-level and state-level political parties based on objective criteria. A recognised political party enjoys privileges such as a reserved party symbol,[a] free broadcast time on state-run television and radio, consultation in the setting of election dates, and giving input in setting electoral rules and regulations. Other political parties wishing to contest local, state, or national elections must be registered with the ECI. Registered parties can be upgraded to recognized national or state parties by the ECI if they meet the relevant criteria after a Lok Sabha or state legislative assembly election. The ECI periodically reviews the recognized party status.

Before the amendment in 2016 (which came into force on 1 January 2014), if a political party failed to fulfill the criteria in the subsequent Lok Sabha or state legislative assembly election, it would lose its status as a recognized party. In 2016, the ECI announced that a review would take place after two consecutive elections instead of after every election. Therefore, a political party will retain its recognized party status even if it does not meet the criteria in the next election. However, if it fails to meet the criteria in the election following the next one, it would lose its status.

As per latest publications dated 23 March 2024 from Election Commission of India, and subsequent notifications, there are 6 national parties,[1] 58 state parties,[2][b] and 2,763 unrecognised parties.[7] All registered parties contesting elections need to choose a symbol from a list of available symbols offered by the EC. All 28 states of the country along with the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir, National Capital Territory of Delhi, and Puducherry have elected governments unless President's rule is imposed under certain condition.

National parties

[edit]

A registered party is recognised as a national party only if it fulfills any one of the three conditions listed below:[8]

  • If its candidates have secured at least 6% of total valid votes in at least 4 states (in latest Lok Sabha or Assembly elections) and the party has at least 4 MPs in the last Lok Sabha polls.
  • If it has won at least 2% of the total seats in the Lok Sabha from at least 3 states.
  • It is ‘recognised’ in four or more states.
6 recognised national parties[1]
Party Flag Election
symbol 		Political
position 		Ideology Founded Leader Government in states/UTs Seats
Chief ministers Alliance partner Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha State
assemblies 		State
councils
Bharatiya Janata Party BJP Right-wing[c] to far-right[d]
6 April 1980
(44 years ago) (1980-04-06) 		J. P. Nadda
14 / 31
6 / 31
240 / 543
96 / 245
1,481 / 4,123
165 / 426
Indian National Congress INC Centre[35][36][37]
28 December 1885
(139 years ago) (1885-12-28) 		Mallikarjun Kharge
3 / 31
3 / 31
101 / 543
27 / 245
689 / 4,123
60 / 426
Communist Party of India (Marxist) CPI(M) Left-wing[h]
7 November 1964
(60 years ago) (1964-11-07) 		Prakash Karat (interim)
1 / 31
2 / 31
4 / 543
5 / 245
80 / 4,123
0 / 426
Aam Aadmi Party AAP Centre[53][54] to centre-left[55][56]
26 November 2012
(12 years ago) (2012-11-26) 		Arvind Kejriwal
2 / 31
0 / 31
3 / 543
10 / 245
160 / 4,123
0 / 426
National People's Party NPP Centre-right[64]
6 January 2013
(12 years ago) (2013-01-06) 		Conrad Sangma
1 / 31
3 / 31
0 / 543
1 / 245
44 / 4,123
0 / 426
Bahujan Samaj Party BSP Centre to centre-left
14 April 1984
(40 years ago) (1984-04-14) 		Mayawati
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
1 / 245
3 / 4,123
0 / 426

State parties

[edit]

A registered party is recognised as a state party only if it fulfils any one of the five conditions listed below:[8]

  • A party should secure at least six per cent of valid votes polled in an election to the state legislative assembly and win at least two seats in that state assembly.
  • A party should secure at least six per cent of valid votes polled in an election to Lok Sabha and win at least one seat in Lok Sabha.
  • A party should win at least three per cent of the total number of seats or any fraction thereof allotted to that state.
  • At least one MP for every 25 members or any fraction allotted to the state in the Lok Sabha.[67]
  • Under the liberalised criteria, one more clause that it will be eligible for recognition as state party if it secures eight per cent or more of the total valid votes polled in the state.
58 recognised state parties[2][b]
Party Flag Election
symbol 		Founded Leader(s) Recognised in state(s) Government in states/UTs Seats
Chief minister Alliance partner Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha State
assemblies 		State
councils
State party in three or more states
All India Trinamool Congress 1998 Mamata Banerjee Meghalaya
Tripura
West Bengal
1 / 31
0 / 31
29 / 543
13 / 245
228 / 4,123
0 / 426
Communist Party of India 1925 D. Raja Kerala
Manipur
Tamil Nadu
0 / 31
3 / 31
2 / 543
2 / 245
22 / 4,123
1 / 426
Janata Dal (Secular) 1999 H. D. Deve Gowda Arunachal Pradesh
Karnataka
Kerala
0 / 31
1 / 31
2 / 543
1 / 245
21 / 4,123
8 / 426
Janata Dal (United) 2003 Nitish Kumar Arunachal Pradesh
Bihar
Manipur
1 / 31
0 / 31
12 / 543
5 / 245
46 / 4,123
26 / 426
State party in two states
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Two Leaves 1972 Edappadi K. Palaniswami Puducherry
Tamil Nadu
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
3 / 245
62 / 4,123
0 / 426
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 1949 M. K. Stalin Puducherry
Tamil Nadu
1 / 31
0 / 31
22 / 543
10 / 245
139 / 4,123
0 / 426
Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) 2021 Chirag Paswan Nagaland
Bihar
0 / 31
1 / 31
5 / 543
0 / 245
3 / 4,123
0 / 426
Naga People's Front 2002 Kuzholuzo Nienu Manipur
Nagaland
0 / 31
1 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
7 / 4,123
0 / 426
Nationalist Congress Party 1999 Ajit Pawar Maharashtra
Nagaland
0 / 31
2 / 31
1 / 543
3 / 245
51 / 4,123
8 / 426
Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar) 2024 Sharad Pawar Maharashtra
Nagaland
0 / 31
2 / 31
8 / 543
2 / 245
14 / 4,123
3 / 426
Rashtriya Janata Dal 1997 Lalu Prasad Yadav
Tejashwi Yadav 		Bihar
Jharkhand
0 / 31
2 / 31
4 / 543
6 / 245
81 / 4,123
5 / 426
Telugu Desam Party 1982 N. Chandrababu Naidu Andhra Pradesh
Telangana
1 / 31
0 / 31
16 / 543
1 / 245
135 / 4,123
15 / 426
YSR Congress Party 2011 Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy Andhra Pradesh
Telangana
0 / 31
0 / 31
4 / 543
8 / 245
11 / 4,123
36 / 426
State party in one state
All India Forward Bloc 1939 Debabrata Biswas West Bengal
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
0 / 4,123
0 / 426
All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen kite 1927 Asaduddin Owaisi Telangana
0 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
10 / 4,123
2 / 426
All India N.R. Congress 2011 N. Rangaswamy Puducherry
1 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
10 / 4,123
0 / 426
All India United Democratic Front 2005 Badruddin Ajmal Assam
0 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
15 / 4,123
0 / 426
All Jharkhand Students Union 1986 Sudesh Mahto Jharkhand
0 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
2 / 4,123
0 / 426
Apna Dal (Sonelal) 2016 Anupriya Patel Uttar Pradesh
0 / 31
1 / 31
2 / 543
0 / 245
12 / 4,123
1 / 426
Asom Gana Parishad 1985 Atul Bora Assam
0 / 31
1 / 31
0 / 543
1 / 245
9 / 4,123
0 / 426
Bharat Rashtra Samithi 2001 K. Chandrashekar Rao Telangana
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
3 / 245
39 / 4,123
34 / 426
Biju Janata Dal 1997 Naveen Patnaik Odisha
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
8 / 245
51 / 4,123
0 / 426
Bodoland People's Front 2005 Hagrama Mohilary Assam
0 / 31
1 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
3 / 4,123
0 / 426
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation 1974 Dipankar Bhattacharya Bihar
0 / 31
1 / 31
2 / 543
0 / 245
13 / 4,123
1 / 426
Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam 2005 Premallatha Vijayakant Tamil Nadu
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
0 / 4,123
0 / 426
Goa Forward Party 2016 Vijai Sardesai Goa
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
1 / 4,123
0 / 426
Hill State People's Democratic Party 1968 KP Pangniang Meghalaya
0 / 31
1 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
2 / 4,123
0 / 426
Indian National Lok Dal 1996 Om Prakash Chautala Haryana
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
2 / 4,123
0 / 426
Indian Union Muslim League 1948 Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal Kerala
0 / 31
0 / 31
3 / 543
1 / 245
15 / 4,123
0 / 426
Indigenous People's Front of Tripura 2009 N.C. Debbarma Tripura
0 / 31
1 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
1 / 4,123
0 / 426
Jammu & Kashmir National Conference 1932 Farooq Abdullah Jammu and Kashmir
1 / 31
0 / 31
2 / 543
0 / 245
42 / 4,123
0 / 426
Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party 1982 Bhim Singh Jammu and Kashmir
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
0 / 4,123
0 / 426
Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party 1999 Mehbooba Mufti Jammu and Kashmir
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
3 / 4,123
0 / 426
Janta Congress Chhattisgarh 2016 Renu Jogi Chhattisgarh
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
0 / 4,123
0 / 426
Jannayak Janta Party 2018 Dushyant Chautala Haryana
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
0 / 4,123
0 / 426
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha 1972 Shibu Soren
Hemant Soren 		Jharkhand
1 / 31
0 / 31
3 / 543
2 / 245
30 / 4,123
0 / 426
Kerala Congress (M) 1979 Jose K. Mani Kerala
0 / 31
1 / 31
1 / 543
1 / 245
5 / 4,123
0 / 426
Maharashtra Navnirman Sena 2006 Raj Thackeray Maharashtra
0 / 31
1 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
1 / 4,123
0 / 426
Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party 1963 Deepak Dhavalikar Goa
0 / 31
1 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
2 / 4,123
0 / 426
Mizo National Front 1961 Zoramthanga Mizoram
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
1 / 245
10 / 4,123
0 / 426
Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party 2017 Neiphiu Rio Nagaland
1 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
25 / 4,123
0 / 426
People's Party of Arunachal 1977 Kamen Ringu Arunachal Pradesh
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
1 / 4,123
0 / 426
Rashtriya Loktantrik Party 2018 Hanuman Beniwal Rajasthan
0 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
0 / 4,123
0 / 426
Revolutionary Goans Party 2022 Viresh Borkar Goa
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
1 / 4,123
0 / 426
Revolutionary Socialist Party 1940 Manoj Bhattacharya[68] Kerala
0 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
0 / 4,123
0 / 426
Samajwadi Party 1992 Akhilesh Yadav Uttar Pradesh
0 / 31
0 / 31
37 / 543
4 / 245
112 / 4,123
9 / 426
Shiromani Akali Dal 1920 Sukhbir Singh Badal Punjab
0 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
3 / 4,123
0 / 426
Sikkim Democratic Front 1993 Pawan Kumar Chamling Sikkim
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
1 / 245
1 / 4,123
0 / 426
Sikkim Krantikari Morcha 2013 Prem Singh Tamang Sikkim
1 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
19 / 4,123
0 / 426
Shiv Sena 1966 Eknath Shinde Maharashtra
0 / 31
1 / 31
7 / 543
0 / 245
57 / 4,123
0 / 426
Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray) 2022 Uddhav Thackeray Maharashtra
0 / 31
0 / 31
9 / 543
3 / 245
17 / 4,123
12 / 426
Tipra Motha Party 2019 Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma Tripura
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
13 / 4,123
0 / 426
United Democratic Party 1997 Metbah Lyngdoh Meghalaya
0 / 31
1 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
11 / 4,123
0 / 426
United People's Party Liberal 2015 Urkhao Gwra Brahma Assam
0 / 31
1 / 31
1 / 543
1 / 245
7 / 4,123
0 / 426
Voice of the People Party 2021 Ardent Miller Basaiawmoit Meghalaya
0 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
4 / 4,123
0 / 426
Zoram Nationalist Party 1997 H. Lalrinmawia Mizoram
0 / 31
0 / 31
0 / 543
0 / 245
0 / 4,123
0 / 426
Zoram People's Movement
2017 Lalduhoma Mizoram
1 / 31
0 / 31
1 / 543
0 / 245
27 / 4,123
0 / 426

Unrecognised parties

[edit]
Notable registered unrecognised political parties (RUPPs)[7]
Party Founded Leader(s) States
Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha 1915 Devendra Pandey All-India
All India Hindustan Congress Party 2015 Buddh Prakash Sharma Gujarat
Rajasthan
All India Mahila Empowerment Party 2017 Nowhera Shaik Telangana
Karnataka
Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam 2018 T. T. V. Dhinakaran Tamil Nadu
Amra Bangali 1983 Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar West Bengal
Tripura
Azad Adhikar Sena 2022 Amitabh Thakur, Dr Nutan Thakur Uttar Pradesh
Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) 2020 Chanda Shekhar Azad Uttar Pradesh
Bahujan Mukti Party 2012 Pravendra Pratap Singh Uttar Pradesh
Maharashtra
Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh 1983 Sundar Shaekhar Maharashtra
Gorkha Janmukti Morcha 2007 Bimal Gurung West Bengal
Goa Suraksha Manch 2016 Subhash Velingkar Goa
Gondwana Ganatantra Party 1991 Hira Singh Markam Chhattisgarh
Jharkhand
Maharashtra
Hindu Sena 2011 Vishnu Gupta New Delhi
Hindustani Awam Morcha[69] 2015 Jitan Ram Manjhi Bihar
Indiya Jananayaka Katchi 2010 T. R. Paarivendhar Tamil Nadu
Indian Gandhiyan Party 2012 Aashin U S Kerala
Indian Secular Front 2021 Nawsad Siddique West Bengal
Ittehad-e-Millat Council 2001 Tauqeer Raza Khan Uttar Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party 2020 Altaf Bukhari Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party 2020 Mir Junaid Jammu and Kashmir
Jan Shakti Party of India[70] 2015 Gurjeet Singh Azad Punjab
Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik) 2018 Raghuraj Pratap Singh Uttar Pradesh
Jan Suraaj Party 2024 Prashant Kishore Bihar
Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha 2024 Jairam Kumar Mahato Jharkhand
Karnataka Rashtra Samithi 2019 Ravi Krishna Reddy Karnataka
Kerala Congress 1964 P. J. Joseph Kerala
Kerala Congress (B) 1989 R. Balakrishna Pillai Kerala
Kerala Congress (Jacob) 1991 Anoop Jacob Kerala
Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi 2013 E. R. Eswaran Tamil Nadu
Kongunadu Makkal Katchi 2000 A. M. Raja Tamil Nadu
Lok Satta Party 2006 Jaya Prakash Narayana Andhra Pradesh
Telangana
Lok Insaaf Party 2019 Simarjit Singh Bains Punjab
Makkal Needhi Maiam 2018 Kamal Haasan Tamil Nadu
Puducherry
Manipur Peoples Party 1968 Sovakiran N. Manipur
Manithaneya Makkal Katchi 2009 M. H. Jawahirullah Tamil Nadu
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 1992 Vaiko Tamil Nadu
Puducherry
NISHAD Party 2016 Sanjay Nishad Uttar Pradesh
Odisha Jan Morcha 2013 Pyarimohan Mohapatra Odisha
Param Digvijay Dal 2014 Krishna Mohan Shankar Yogi Uttar Pradesh
Pattali Makkal Katchi 1989 S. Ramadoss Puducherry
Tamil Nadu
Peace Party of India 2008 Mohamed Ayub Uttar Pradesh
People's Democratic Alliance (Manipur) 2012 Bd. Behring Anal Manipur
People's Democratic Front 2001 Ajoy Biswas Tripura
Plurals Party 2020 Pushpam Priya Choudhary Bihar
Puthiya Tamilagam 1996 K. Krishnasamy Tamil Nadu
Raijor Dal 2020 Akhil Gogoi Assam
Rashtriya Lok Dal 1996 Jayant Chaudhary Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Rashtriya Samaj Paksha 2003 Mahadev Jankar Maharashtra
Kerala
Rashtriya Ulama Council 2008 Aamir Rashadi Madni Uttar Pradesh
Republican Party of India (Athawale) 1999 Ramdas Athawale Nagaland
Right to Recall Party 2019 Rahul Chimanbhai Mehta All-India
Samata Party 1994 Uday Mandal[71] Bihar
Manipur[72]
Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) 1994 Simranjit Singh Mann Punjab
Social Democratic Party of India 2009 M.K. Faizy Karnataka
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Socialist Party (India) 2011 Thampan Thomas Uttar Pradesh
Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) 1948 Provash Ghosh All-India
Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party 2002 Om Prakash Rajbhar Uttar Pradesh
Swaraj India 2016 Yogendra Yadav Haryana
Karnataka
Maharashtra
Tamil Maanila Congress 1996 G. K. Vasan Tamil Nadu
Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam 2024 Vijay Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu Kongu Ilaingar Peravai 2001 U. Thaniyarasu Tamil Nadu
Uttarakhand Kranti Dal 1979 Kashi Singh Airy Uttarakhand
Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi 2018 Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar Maharashtra
Vikassheel Insaan Party 2018 Mukesh Sahani Bihar
Welfare Party of India 2011 S. Q. R. Ilyas Kerala

Defunct political parties

[edit]
Party flag Election symbol Ideology Founded Dissolved
Scheduled Castes Federation Social equality
Social justice 		1942 1957
Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress 1945 1957
Socialist Party of India Socialism 1948 1952
Lok Sewak Sangh 1948 1971
Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad Hindu nationalism 1948 1971
All India Ganatantra Parishad Liberalism
Agrarianism 		1950 1962
Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party 1951 1954
Commonweal Party 1951 1954
People's Democratic Front Communism
Marxism–Leninism 		1951 1958
Krishikar Lok Party 1951 1959
Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party Regionalism 1951 1960
Bharatiya Jana Sangh Diya, a traditional oil lamp, was the symbol of the party Hindu nationalism
National conservatism 		1951 1977
Praja Socialist Party Socialism 1952 1972
Swatantra Party Liberal conservatism
Secularism 		1959 1974
Samyukta Socialist Party Socialism 1964 1977
Bangla Congress 1967 1971
Bharatiya Kranti Dal 1967 1974
Utkal Congress 1969 1974
Indian National Congress (Organisation) 1969 1977
Pragati Legislature Party 1973 1974
Congress for Democracy 1977 1977
Janata Party (Secular) or Dalit Mazdoor Kisan Party or Lok Dal Secularism 1979 (JPE-S),
1984 (DMKP),
1980, 1985 (LD) 		1988
Indian Congress (Socialist) 1978 1986
Indian National Congress (U) 1979 1981
Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) 1981 1988
Jan Morcha 1987 1988
Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani 1988 1989
Janata Dal 1988 1999
Lok Shakti 1998 2003
Lok Janshakti Party Bungalow 2000 2021
Loktantrik Janata Dal 2018 2022
Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)[73] 2015 2024

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ If a party is recognised as a national or state party, its symbol is reserved for its exclusive use in the country or in the state.[1][2]
  2. ^ a b There were 60 state parties listed in publication issued by the Election Commission of India on 23 March 2024. However 2 out of 60 parties (Rashtriya Lok Samata Party[3] and People's Democratic Front[4]) have merged with other parties. Additionally, the name and symbol of Lok Janshakti Party has been frozen until final order is passed by ECI regarding its split into two new parties.[5] After winning 21/21 contested seats (equal to 13% of the seats in the legislative assembly) in the 2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, Janasena Party achieved the recognised party status.[6]
  3. ^ Attributed to multiple sources[9][10][11][12][13][14]
  4. ^ Attributed to multiple sources[15][16][17][18]
  5. ^ Attributed to multiple sources[19][20][21][22]
  6. ^ Attributed to multiple sources[23][24][25][26]
  7. ^ Attributed to multiple sources[28][29][30]
  8. ^ Attributed to multiple sources[44][45][46][47][48][49][50]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "List of National Parties" (PDF). Election Commission of India. 26 March 2024. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  2. ^ a b c "List of State Parties" (PDF). Election Commission of India. 23 March 2024. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  3. ^ "Upendra Kushwaha's Rashtriya Lok Samata Party merges with JD(U)". The Economic Times. 15 March 2021. ISSN 0013-0389. Archived from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  4. ^ "PDF merges with ruling NPP in Meghalaya". The Economic Times. 7 May 2023. ISSN 0013-0389. Archived from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  5. ^ "Lok Janshakti Party - Interim Order". Election Commission of India. 2 October 2021. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  6. ^ "Now, recognised party status for Jana Sena". The Times of India. 12 June 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  7. ^ a b "List of RUPPs" (PDF). Election Commission of India. 27 March 2024. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  8. ^ a b "The Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  9. ^ Malik, Yogendra K.; Singh, V.B. (April 1992). "Bharatiya Janata Party: An Alternative to the Congress (I)?". Asian Survey. 32 (4): 318–336. doi:10.2307/2645149. JSTOR 2645149.
  10. ^ Banerjee, Sumanta (22 July 2005). "Civilising the BJP". Economic & Political Weekly. 40 (29): 3116–3119. JSTOR 4416896.
  11. ^ Halarnkar, Samar (13 June 2012). "Narendra Modi makes his move". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2018. The right-wing Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), India's primary opposition party
  12. ^ Mogul, Rhea (15 April 2024). "Narendra Modi: India's popular but controversial leader seeking a transformative third term". CNN. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  13. ^ Mehrotra, Karishma; Shih, Gerry (20 April 2024). "As India votes, women and the young could put Modi and BJP over the top". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  14. ^ "Modi's Hindu Nationalist Agenda Is Corroding India's Democracy". World Politics Review. 30 October 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  15. ^ Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek (16 August 2005). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-134-60952-9.
  16. ^ Gill, Martin (22 June 2022). The Handbook of Security. Springer Nature. p. 158. ISBN 978-3-030-91735-7.
  17. ^ Leidig, Eviane; Mudde, Cas (9 May 2023). "Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP): The overlooked populist radical right party". Journal of Language and Politics. 22 (3): 360–377. doi:10.1075/jlp.22134.lei. ISSN 1569-2159.
  18. ^ Ammassari, Sofia; Fossati, Diego; McDonnell, Duncan (2023). "Supporters of India's BJP: Distinctly Populist and Nativist". Government and Opposition. 58 (4): 807–823. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.18. ISSN 0017-257X.
  19. ^ Johnson, Matthew; Garnett, Mark; Walker, David M (2017). Conservatism and Ideology. Routledge. pp. 45–50. ISBN 978-1-317-52900-2. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  20. ^ Björn Goldstein (2015) The unconscious Indianization of 'Western' conservatism – is Indian conservatism a universal model?, Global Discourse, 5:1, 44–65, doi:10.1080/23269995.2014.946315
  21. ^ Mazumdar, Surajit (2017). "Neo-Liberalism and the Rise of Right-Wing Conservatism in India". Desenvolvimento Em Debate. 5 (1): 115–131. doi:10.51861/ded.dmds.1.011. ISSN 2176-9257. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2022 – via Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
  22. ^ Chhibber, Pradeep. K.; Verma, Rahul (2018). Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India. Oxford University Press. pp. 50–150. ISBN 978-0-19-062390-6. LCCN 2018001733. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
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Further reading

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